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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}Hydro-Québec, one of the two largest producers of energy in North America, has developed the UTAPP system in order for its control centres to interact with Independent Private Producers’ (IPPs’) sites connected to its distribution network and to receive information from them. The UTAPP can be used with hydroelectric, biomass, solar and wind power production sites. The main purpose of the UTAPP is to interact with the main circuit breaker or inverter of the IPP’s production site in order to open and lock them as required. It also gives precious information about the IPP’s production. The UTAPP complies with rigorous electric network quality specifications, is able to communicate with measuring meters, and uses up-to-date telecommunication security technologies such as DNP3 secure authentication and X.509 certificates. It also uses standard IEC-61131-3 automation programming languages, which allows quick and flexible modifications, keeping the UTAPP easy to use and maintain.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}In order to minimise the cost of wind energy it is necessary to increase reliability, and reduce unplanned downtime. The link between reliability and availability is particularly acute in the offshore wind energy sector, where even minor reliability issues can severely reduce availability due to the difficulties associated with access.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}This article explains how and why turbulence intensity must be considered during the design stage of creating a wind farm layout and gives an overview of the factors that must be considered in this process, the influencing parameters and the uncertainties.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}Several authors have shown how different factors influence the power production of a wind farm. Klug [ref. 1] mentions the factors that have a direct impact on the estimation of the power yield: wind measurement, long-term correlation, site adjustment, power curve or park efficiency. Each of these factors is measured with error margins. Like others, Klug [ref. 1] calculates the total uncertainty of the energy yield in a way commonly used to assess error propagation of technical systems. Total uncertainty is calculated as the square root of the sum of squares of each of the influential factors’ uncertainty:
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}The Korean government has announced a proposed 30% reduction on its estimated output as its CO2 target for 2020. This voluntarily set goal is regarded as very challenging since Korean industry doubled its greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2005, the fastest growth in the OECD. With this pledge, Korea seeks to be a model for other countries, such as China and India, which are categorised as developing countries under the Kyoto Protocol; these countries have no binding obligation except to announce their reduction target by 2030.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}SIA Latekols has produced a new rotor design which will greatly improve performance. The company has launched a rotor turbine of improved efficiency, which is unlike any other in the world. The design has the working title LEK. The LEK design, in both theory and practice, significantly increases the amount of energy extracted from the wind by using a new design concept. All rights to this invention belong to SIA Latekols and are protected by national patents in 60 countries.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}The WindSpeed project was about spatial planning in the North Sea to find sound sites for wind farms, taking into account other sea users and nature conservation areas (Natura 2000). It delivered a decision support system (DSS) tool using geographical information system (GIS) software. This tool is available on the internet. During the EWEA annual event (formerly known as EWEC), held in Brussels on the 14–17 March 2011, key results of this project, and a roadmap for the roll-out of wind energy in the North Sea, were presented.
