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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}In the long term, European electricity will dominantly be supplied by solar and wind power. Both power sources fluctuate with the weather, so we will inevitably have to think carefully about the infrastructure of Europe’s future power supply system. A Supergrid (on and offshore) will have to be in place besides new flexible units and storage facilities to balance fluctuations and to transfer wind and solar energy from places where they are abundant. Furthermore, to alleviate the inherent seasonal characteristics of wind and solar power generation in Europe and to secure the power supply, large-scale storage will be needed. A study that has been funded by Siemens AG shows that an optimal mix of solar and wind power generation exists which determines a minimum investment into storage and transmission capacities.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}The experiments agreed as part of the DANAERO project should decrease the uncertainty of several mechanisms characterising wind turbine rotor flow. They were set up to reveal mechanisms such as:
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}Increasing the reliability of drive trains for wind turbines of an ever-increasing size requires dedicated simulation models that can provide more insight into the internal gearbox dynamics at the early stages of the design process. These drive train models should contain more than the typical one or two degrees of freedom in standard wind turbine design codes. Therefore, Hansen Transmissions chose to develop detailed multibody models of wind turbine gearboxes.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}While most vendors promote availability in the 97 to 98% range for their machines, and most investors have come to expect that, a recent analysis by Garrad Hassan discovered that levels of true availability are a percentage point or two below that level. Furthermore, turbines operating in North America average in the 94 to 95% range.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}The number of new approaches to solving the problems are also profound, and the variety of new products in the marketplace is beginning to overwhelm the using population as costs and utility are subordinated to availability. We are losing objectivity in judging between the good and the bad. The concern is whether centralisation of power production must be continued or whether decentralisation of production and utilisation is a more likely solution to the growing problems.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}Icing has a strong effect on the planning and the operation of wind turbines (Laakso et al. 2009): it influences the aerodynamics of the blades and causes production losses (Figure 1). Moreover, additional ice loads lead to extreme and fatigue loads. Iced wind measurement sensors at the wind turbine’s nacelle lead to erroneous behaviour and security stops. Finally, ice throw represents a significant safety risk for pedestrians and service personnel. For that reason detailed knowledge on frequency and duration of icing events as well as maximum ice loads are crucial components of site assessment in regions prone to these conditions. Additionally, the inclusion of icing within wind forecasts is important when operating a wind farm because it allows operators to optimise performance and reduce risk.
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{access view=!registered}Only logged in users can view the full text of the article.{/access}{access view=registered}Deep Wind starts from the proposition that offshore wind energy needs new concepts specifically designed for offshore conditions. Starting from this hypothesis a few issues are highlighted as being essential for a successful offshore concept:
